1、A force is a push or pull. The effect of a force either changes the shape or motion of a body or prevents other forces from making such changes. Every force produces a stress in the part on which it is applied. Forces may be produced by an individual using muscular(action) or by machines with mechanical motion.
2、力可以是推力或是拉力。力量可以改变一个物体的形状或运动，或者阻止其他力量造成这种改变。每种力量在其使用的部位都会产生应力；力量可以由人通过肌肉的活动或者是机器的机械运动所产生。
3、Forces are produced by physical or(chemical) change, gravity, or changes in motion. When a force is applied which tends to stretch an object, it is called a tensile force. A part experiencing a tensile force is said to be in tension. A force can also be applied which tends to shorten or squeeze the object. Such a force is a compressive force.
4、物理或化学变化，引力或运动中的变化都可产生力量。当力量的使用趋向于伸展某个物体时，这被称作拉伸力，而受拉伸力的部位称为受拉或张力。力量也能缩短或压榨物体，这种力量称为压缩力。
5、A third force is known as a(torsion) force, or a torque since it tends to twist an object. Still another kind of force, which seems to make the layers or molecules of a material slide or slip on one another, is a shearing force.
6、第三种力量称为扭力或转矩，因为它趋向于扭曲物体。还有一种力量称为剪力，它似乎能使材料的内层间或分子相互滑行或滑落。
7、Each of these forces may act independently or in combination. For example, a downward force applied on a vertical steel beam tends to compress the beam,. If this beam is placed in a(horizontal) position and a load is applied in the middle, the bottom of the beam tends to stretch and is in tension. At the same time, the top area is being pushed together in compression. If the compressive and tensile forces are great enough to make the layers of the material slide upon each other, a shearing force results.
8、这些力量可以单独或组合产生作用。例如：在垂直的钢梁上向下着力，这趋向于压缩钢梁；如果钢梁是处于水平位置，并在其中间部位施加压力，钢梁底部趋向伸展，呈受拉状态。梁的上面部位受压缩被推挤在一起。如果压缩力和拉伸力足够强大，促使材料内层间相互滑行，这就形成剪力。
9、【注：原文有几个用刮弧标出的错字已被纠正。】
二、求人类翻译 机械工程专业英语
wear can be defied as the progressive loss of material from the operating surface of a body occurring as a result of relative motion at the surface.the problem of wear arises wherever there are load and motion between surfaces,and is therefore important in engineering practice,often being they major factor governing the life and performance of machine components.the major types of weare are described next:
磨损是相应作用因素使物体作用面的材料逐渐损失的过程。只要两作用面间有载荷及位移就会引起磨损，它是工程实践中影响设备寿命及性能的重要因素。磨损有以下几种形式：
when two surfaces are loaded against each other,the whole of the contact load is carried on very small area of the asperity contacts,the real contact pressure at these asperities is very high,and adhesion takes place between them.if a tangential force is applied to the model shown in Fig.16.1,shearing can take place either(a) at the interface or(b) below or above the interface,causing adhesive wear.because of factors such as strain hardening at the asperity contact,the adhesive bonds often are stronger than the base metals,thus,during sliding,fracture usually occurs in the weaker or softer component,and a wear fragment is generated.although this fragment is attach to the harder component(upper surface in Fig.16.1c),it eventually becomes detached during further rubbing at the interface and develops into a loose wear particle.
当很大的作用力作用在很小的粗糙作用面时会产生很高的接触压力，从而导致两作用面产生粘着磨损。如果在图16.1的模型中施加切向力，切应力会发生在（a）接触面内或（b）接触面下方或接触面上方，从而引起粘着磨损。因为有各种因素如“变形硬化”，使得的粘着力强于基材，所以较软的零件基材会在相互滑动时发生断裂，产生磨损碎片。虽然碎片粘着与较硬的材料（图16.1c中的上表面），在其后的摩擦中会掉落在作用面上并形成磨粒。腐蚀磨损也被称作氧化或化学磨损，这种磨损的产生是由于物体表面磨粒产生的化学或电化学反应。当耐磨层在摩擦过程中被破坏时，下一层继续被摧毁，这个过程会不断重复。
疲劳磨损则是由于物体表面受到循环载荷的影响。例如，在轴承的滚动接触中，磨粒通常通过碎裂或凹陷形成。另一种形式的疲劳磨损是热疲劳，其中物体表面的裂纹由热循环中的热应力产生，如低温锻造模具反复接触热工件。这些裂纹随后连接，表面开始剥落，从而产生疲劳磨损。
（注：磨损包括五种类型：粘着磨损、磨削磨损、腐蚀磨损、疲劳磨损以及其他。以上未提及磨削磨损。）
接下来我们探讨“专接本”考试的内容。
专接本的考试内容主要包括公共课和专业课两部分。
公共课考试分为文史、医学、理工、经管、农学、艺术、体育、外语八类。例如，文史、医学类专业考政治和英语；理工类专业考高等数学(一)、英语等。英语、高等数学、政治各科满分100分，考试时间60分钟。
专业课考试则包括专业基础课和专业综合课。文史、医学、理工、经管、农学类专业课满分300分，外语、艺术、体育类专业课满分240分。
专接本的理工类专业包含：材料成型及控制工程、测绘工程等。财经类和管理类专业包含：保险学、国际经济与贸易等。文史类专业包含：法学、广播电视学等。外语类专接本专业包含：英语、商务英语等。
高等数学(一)和高等数学(二)的考试形式为闭卷笔试，全卷满分100分，考试时间为60分钟。试卷包含选择题、填空题、计算题和应用题。其中选择题和填空题主要测试基础知识和直接填写结果的能力，计算题和应用题则需要考生写出文字说明及演算步骤。
英语考试的格式也是闭卷笔试，主要测试考生对基本知识的掌握情况，以及分析问题、解决问题的能力。考试由语音、情景对话、阅读理解、完形填空和写作五个部分组成，满分100分，考试时间为60分钟。
对于自考/成考考试有疑问，不清楚考试当地政策或内容的考生，可以咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案。
